Refine, correct, edit, or format
the manuscript to improve
clarity of language.
What
Example
Does NOT Include
Automated tools were used to suggest language improvements
Spell checkers, grammar checkers, predictive text in Microsoft Word
Generating text using AI prompts, generating machine summaries of text, analysing or summarising textual documents as part of the research process
allowed
allowed
allowed
allowed
Human Review of AI Output
required
not defined
mandatory
required
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not required
required
not defined
not required
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not required
required
not defined
not required
Writing or drafting manuscript content
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to create part or all of the manuscript text
Generating text using AI prompts, asking AI to expand on text, generating machine summaries of text (e.g. to summarise arguments made in another publication)
Use of simple spelling and grammar checkers, analysing or summarising textual documents as part of the research process
allowed
allowed
allowed
allowed
Human Review of AI Output
required
required
mandatory
required
Human Review for assessing rewritten content to ensure expertise, voice, and originality is maintained.
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
Human Review for potential for bias
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
Human Review for inaccurate attribution
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
Human Review to ensure tone and style align with the manuscript
not defined
required
mandatory
required
Human Review for fact checking
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
Disclosure of use of AI tools
required
required
mandatory
required
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
Translation of manuscript text for
the purpose of publishing
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to assist translation of an author's original work into a secondary language
Authors using tools (e.g. Google Translate, ChatGPT) to assist with translating their manuscript draft
Translation of materials as part of the research process (unrelated to manuscript preparation)
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review of AI Output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review for assessing translated rewritten content to ensure expertise, voice, and originality is maintained
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review for potential for bias
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review for inaccurate attribution
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review to ensure tone and style align with the manuscript
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review for fact checking
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Refining or formatting of data
reported in the submitted manuscript
What
Example
Does NOT Include
Data reported in the submitted manuscript (e.g. included as supplementary material, or stored in a data repository linked to from the manuscript) are refined or formatted using AI
Authors using tools to correct (e.g. on the level of language) or format research data before it's published
Using AI to visualise data sets (activity 6) or data manipulation; any generation, correcting, or editing of data used as part of the research process
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review of AI Output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Generation, refinement, correction,
editing or formatting of images,
diagrams or other figures for
illustrative purposes only
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to generate images or diagrams or other figures in the manuscript for illustrative or aesthetic purposes only
Using AI to create an image of e.g. people farming in an ancient society - the sort of image that might otherwise be created by a human artist as an illustration
Visualisation of actual data or research outputs, editing of visualisations of actual data or results, presentation of generated images as research outputs in themselves or as representing research outputs
allowed
allowed
allowed
allowed
Human Review of AI Output
required
not defined
mandatory
required
Human Review to check if images are accurate and not misrepresent information
required
not defined
mandatory
required
Human Review to check if illustrations effectively communicate key concepts
required
not defined
mandatory
required
Disclosure of use of AI tools
required
required
mandatory
required
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
mandatory
required
AI tools used to generate, modify, or enhance images that support specific scientific, clinical, or technical claims
not allowed
not defined
not allowed
not allowed
Generation, refinement, correction,
editing or formatting of visualisations
of research data or results
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to visualise or refine visualisations of research data/results
Using AI to generate a graph or other visualisation of a given research data set
Generation of images or other content without any basis in real research data/outputs
not allowed
not defined
not allowed
not allowed
Human Review of AI Output
not applicable
not defined
not defined explicitly
not applicable
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not applicable
not defined
not defined explicitly
not applicable
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not applicable
not defined
not defined explicitly
not applicable
Refinement or formatting of code
reported in the submitted manuscript
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to assist with refinement of the presentation of code within the manuscript
Using AI to assist with human assessment to improve the readability of code submitted as part of a manuscript
Code generated or improved by AI that was used for the research itself; any new code generated by AI alone
not defined
allowed
not defined
not defined
Human Review of AI Output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not defined
allowed
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Assisting with compilation of
reference lists
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to create or suggest references to include in the manuscript
Asking AI to generate a list of articles that are related to the research to use as references
AI generation of plausible-sounding references that do not exist; using automated tools to generate a citation in a particular style/format based on a DOI
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Human Review of AI Output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of use of AI tools
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Disclosure of Human verification of AI output
not defined
not defined
not defined
not defined
Presentation of any kind of content
generated by AI as though it were
original research data/results from
non-machine sources
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to create data, text, images, graphs, datasets, or other content that is presented as though it were original research data/results collected or analysed from other, non-machine sources
Any content generated wholesale by AI without any basis in original research data/outputs, presented as though it is based on original data/results
Using AI to visualise original research data/results (activity #6); carrying out research on the outputs of GenAI (in which case GenAI outputs can be considered research data)
Use of AI in the preparation of academic manuscripts
(*)
What
Example
Does NOT Include
What
Example
Does NOT Include
Refine, correct, edit, or format
the manuscript to improve
clarity of language.
What
Example
Does NOT Include
Automated tools were used to suggest language improvements
Spell checkers, grammar checkers, predictive text in Microsoft Word
Generating text using AI prompts, generating machine summaries of text, analysing or summarising textual documents as part of the research process
Writing or drafting manuscript content
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to create part or all of the manuscript text
Generating text using AI prompts, asking AI to expand on text, generating machine summaries of text (e.g. to summarise arguments made in another publication)
Use of simple spelling and grammar checkers, analysing or summarising textual documents as part of the research process
Translation of manuscript text for
the purpose of publishing
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to assist translation of an author's original work into a secondary language
Authors using tools (e.g. Google Translate, ChatGPT) to assist with translating their manuscript draft
Translation of materials as part of the research process (unrelated to manuscript preparation)
Refining or formatting of data
reported in the submitted manuscript
What
Example
Does NOT Include
Data reported in the submitted manuscript (e.g. included as supplementary material, or stored in a data repository linked to from the manuscript) are refined or formatted using AI
Authors using tools to correct (e.g. on the level of language) or format research data before it's published
Using AI to visualise data sets (activity 6) or data manipulation; any generation, correcting, or editing of data used as part of the research process
Generation, refinement, correction,
editing or formatting of images,
diagrams or other figures for
illustrative purposes only
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to generate images or diagrams or other figures in the manuscript for illustrative or aesthetic purposes only
Using AI to create an image of e.g. people farming in an ancient society - the sort of image that might otherwise be created by a human artist as an illustration
Visualisation of actual data or research outputs, editing of visualisations of actual data or results, presentation of generated images as research outputs in themselves or as representing research outputs
Generation, refinement, correction,
editing or formatting of visualisations
of research data or results
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to visualise or refine visualisations of research data/results
Using AI to generate a graph or other visualisation of a given research data set
Generation of images or other content without any basis in real research data/outputs
Refinement or formatting of code
reported in the submitted manuscript
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to assist with refinement of the presentation of code within the manuscript
Using AI to assist with human assessment to improve the readability of code submitted as part of a manuscript
Code generated or improved by AI that was used for the research itself; any new code generated by AI alone
Assisting with compilation of
reference lists
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI tools were used to create or suggest references to include in the manuscript
Asking AI to generate a list of articles that are related to the research to use as references
AI generation of plausible-sounding references that do not exist; using automated tools to generate a citation in a particular style/format based on a DOI
Presentation of any kind of content
generated by AI as though it were
original research data/results from
non-machine sources
What
Example
Does NOT Include
AI was used to create data, text, images, graphs, datasets, or other content that is presented as though it were original research data/results collected or analysed from other, non-machine sources
Any content generated wholesale by AI without any basis in original research data/outputs, presented as though it is based on original data/results
Using AI to visualise original research data/results (activity #6); carrying out research on the outputs of GenAI (in which case GenAI outputs can be considered research data)
